Antibiotics: what they do and when you really need them

Antibiotics fight bacterial infections. They won't help with colds, flu, or most sore throats that are viral. Taking antibiotics when you don't need them makes them less useful later and can cause side effects. If you have diabetes, infections can be harder to control, so getting the right antibiotic quickly matters.

Common antibiotics and when they’re used

Amoxicillin and Augmentin (amoxicillin + clavulanate) are often first choices for ear, sinus, and some respiratory infections. For simple urinary tract infections (UTIs), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or nitrofurantoin are common options, but the right pick depends on local resistance patterns and test results.

Cephalosporins (like cefuroxime) and macrolides (azithromycin) are good alternatives for people allergic to penicillin, though not every allergy is the same—tell your clinician what happened with the penicillin before. Doxycycline works well for some respiratory infections and skin problems. Watch out for clindamycin: it treats certain infections but carries a higher risk of C. difficile gut infection.

Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin) are powerful but can affect blood sugar control and should be used carefully in people with diabetes. Your doctor will weigh risks and benefits before prescribing them.

Safety tips for people with diabetes

Tell your prescriber about all medicines you take. Some antibiotics can interact with diabetes drugs and increase the risk of low or high blood sugar. For example, fluoroquinolones have been linked to blood sugar swings in some people. Also mention blood thinners, heart meds, and any allergies.

Monitor your blood sugar more often while you're on antibiotics. Infection itself can raise glucose, and some drugs can change how your body responds. If you notice unusual dizziness, sweating, shaking, or confusion, check your sugar and contact your clinician.

Finish the entire course exactly as prescribed unless your doctor says otherwise. Stopping early can leave bacteria behind and promote resistance. If side effects are severe—severe diarrhea, rash, breathing problems—stop and seek medical help right away.

For wounds or foot infections, get prompt medical attention. Diabetes raises the risk of complications from skin infections. A culture (a lab test of the wound or urine) helps pick the right antibiotic rather than guessing.

Want to avoid antibiotics? Prevent infections: keep wounds clean, manage blood sugar, practice good hygiene, and get recommended vaccines like flu and pneumococcal shots. When antibiotics are needed, use the narrowest, shortest effective course your doctor recommends.

If you have questions about a specific antibiotic or a possible interaction with your diabetes medicines, ask your pharmacist or prescriber. They can explain risks, suggest safer alternatives, and tell you what to watch for while you take the drug.